What is the standard of proof required for a criminal conviction in the U.S.?
The prosecution must prove guilt 'beyond a reasonable doubt' to secure a conviction in criminal cases.
Which amendment protects against unreasonable searches and seizures?
The 4th Amendment requires warrants supported by probable cause for most searches/seizures.
What is 'Miranda v. Arizona' primarily concerned with?
The Miranda ruling requires police to inform suspects of their rights before custodial interrogation.
Which of the following is NOT a required element of a crime?
Mens rea (intent), actus reus (act), and concurrence are essential; victim cooperation is not.
What is 'probable cause' defined as?
Probable cause requires facts/evidence that would lead a reasonable person to believe a crime occurred.
When can an officer make a warrantless arrest?
Warrantless arrests are permitted if the officer observes a crime or has probable cause for certain offenses.
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What is the 'exclusionary rule'?
The exclusionary rule prohibits evidence obtained illegally from being used in court.
Which crime classification involves the most severe penalties?
Felonies (e.g., murder, rape) carry harsher penalties than misdemeanors or infractions.
What is the primary purpose of an arraignment?
At arraignment, the defendant is formally charged and enters a plea (guilty, not guilty, etc.).